SUBDIVISIONS:  

Annelids		Arthropods: Crustaceans		Arthropods: Xiphosurans		Echinoderms		Molluscs		Other Invert's

GENERAL NOTES:
(1) All solutions containing organic components (e.g., glucose, urea) should be refrigerated to discourage bacterial growth.
(2) If NaHCO₃ is an ingredient together with CaCl₂, it should be added last (just before use, if possible) to avoid precipitation of calcium carbonate.
(3) For uniformity and viewing ease, concentrations are given in mM to two decimal places. However, it is unlikely that there are more than three significant figures in most cases.

TABLE 5. RINGER'S SOLUTIONS - ANNELIDS

Select:

MARINE ANNELIDS;    OTHER ANNELIDS

 
MARINE ANNELIDS

Values shown = millimolar (mM) concentration = ml 1M stock solution per liter
To determine grams per liter, see Calculations (App. 1) and Formula Weights (App. 2).

SOL# ---> Ingred.	MAn1 (Wells)	MAn2 (Goldman..)
NaCl	452.40	430.00
KCl	10.80	10.00
CaCl2	11.20	10.00
MgCl2	58.00	50.00
Na2SO4	30.25	-
TRIS	-	5.00
H2O	to 1L	to 1L
pH	8.0-8.2 with *NaHCO3	8.0

* Add NaHCO₃ last.

 
OTHER ANNELIDS

Values shown = millimolar (mM) concentration = ml 1M stock solution per liter
To determine grams per liter, see Calculations (App. 1) and Formula Weights (App. 2).

SOL# ---> Ingred.	OAn1 (Pantin..)	OAn1-a (Schmidt..)	OAn2 (Drewes..)	OAn2-a (Prosser..)
NaCl	113.00	75.00	25.00	103.00
KCl	4.30	4.00	4.00	1.60
CaCl2	1.80	2.00	6.00	1.80
MgCl2	-	1.00	1.00	-
Na2SO4	-	-	26.00	-
Na2HPO4	1.00	-	-	-
TRIS	-	10.00	2.00	-
sucrose	-	23.00	55.00	-
*NaHCO3	1.60	-	-	1.20
H2O	to 1L	to 1L	to 1L	to 1L
pH	7.4 with HCl	7.4 with HCl	7.4	7.4

* Add NaHCO₃ last.

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TABLE 5. RINGER'S SOLUTIONS - CRUSTACEANS

Select:

MARINE CRUSTACEANS;    OTHER CRUSTACEANS

 
MARINE CRUSTACEANS

Values shown = millimolar (mM) concentration = ml 1M stock solution per liter
To determine grams per liter, see Calculations (App. 1) and Formula Weights (App. 2).

SOL# ---> Ingred.	MCr1 (Pantin)	MCr1-a (Mercier..)	MCr2 (Cole)	MCr2-a (Evans..)	MCr2-b (Govind..)	MCr3 (Hoyle..)	MCr4 (Mulloney..)
NaCl	525.00	500.00	451.60	462.00	472.00	466.00	479.00
KCl	13.27	12.00	15.00	16.00	10.00	8.00	10.00
CaCl2	12.39	12.00	25.00	26.00	16.00	20.00	16.70
MgCl2	24.78	20.00	4.00	8.00	7.00	12.00	16.70
MgSO4	-	-	4.00	-	-	-	-
Na2SO4	-	-	-	-	-	-	21.00
NaOH	-	-	0.48	-	-	-	-
*NaHCO3	"to pH 7.0"	-	-	-	-	-	-
H3BO3	-	-	8.80	-	-	-	-
TRIS	-	10.00	-	10.00	-	-	-
TRIS.HCl	-	-	-	-	10.00	-	-
Maleic Acid	-	4.30	-	10.00	10.00	-	-
TES	-	-	-	-	-	-	3.00
glucose	-	-	-	11.00	11.00	-	2.00
H2O	to 1L	to 1L	to 1L	to 1L	to 1L	to 1L	to 1L
pH	7.0	7.2	-	7.4 with NaOH	-	-	7.4

* Add NaHCO₃ last.

 
OTHER CRUSTACEANS

Values shown = millimolar (mM) concentration = ml 1M stock solution per liter
To determine grams per liter, see Calculations (App. 1) and Formula Weights (App. 2).

SOL# ---> Ingred.	OCr1 (Van H'ld)	OCr2 (Skinner..)
NaCl	205.30	430.00
KCl	5.37	-
CaCl2	13.55	9.00
MgCl2	2.61	7.00
K2SO4	-	5.00
*NaHCO3	2.38	-
TRIS	-	10.00
H2O	to 1L	to 1L
pH	7.55	7.2 with 0.2N maleic acid

* Add NaHCO₃ last.

Return to Arthropod Ringer's Key

TABLE 5. RINGER'S SOLUTIONS - XIPHOSURANS

Values shown = millimolar (mM) concentration = ml 1M stock solution per liter
To determine grams per liter, see Calculations (App. 1) and Formula Weights (App. 2).

SOL# ---> Ingred.	*Xi1 (Levin..)	Xi1-a (Chao)	Xi1-b (Millechia..)
NaCl	454.00	444.00	435.00
KCl	10.00	9.00	10.00
CaCl2	10.00	37.00	10.00
MgCl2	32.00	-	20.00
MgSO4	14.00	-	25.00
HEPES	20.00	-	-
H2O	to 1L	to 1L	to 1L
pH	7.8	6.0	-

*See Note on preparation.

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TABLE 5. RINGER'S SOLUTIONS - MOLLUSCS

Select:

MARINE MOLLUSCS;    OTHER MOLLUSCS

Values shown = millimolar (mM) concentration = ml 1M stock solution per liter
To determine grams per liter, see Calculations (App. 1) and Formula Weights (App. 2).

 
MARINE MOLLUSCS

SOL# ---> Ingred.	MMo1 (Singh)	MMo-2 (Tucker)	MMo3 (Hodgkin..)
NaCl	530.00	439.08	449.17
KCl	10.70	11.00	10.06
CaCl2	13.00	11.50	10.54
MgCl2	-	50.00	52.72
Na2SO4	-	18.00	-
*NaHCO3	-	-	25.71
NaH2PO4	"to pH 7.2"	-	-
H2O	to 1L	to 1L	to 1L
pH	7.2	-	7.6 with phosphate buffer

* Add NaHCO₃ last.

Return to Molluscan Ringer's Key

 
OTHER MOLLUSCS

Values shown = millimolar (mM) concentration = ml 1M stock solution per liter
To determine grams per liter, see Calculations (App. 1) and Formula Weights (App. 2).

SOL# ---> Ingred.	OMo1 (Bernard)	OMo2 (Kuz'ski)
NaCl	98.20	15.00
KCl	11.94	0.70
CaCl2	17.97	5.90
MgCl2	27.64	0.20
Na2SO4	-	0.80
*NaHCO3	24.42	-
TRIS	-	0.40
H2O	to 1L	to 1L
pH	-	7.7 with HCl

* Add NaHCO₃ last.

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TABLE 5. RINGER'S SOLUTIONS - ECHINODERMS

Values shown = millimolar (mM) concentration = ml 1M stock solution per liter
To determine grams per liter, see Calculations (App. 1) and Formula Weights (App. 2).

SOL# ---> Ingred.	Ec-1 (Lawrence..)
NaCl	462.00
KCl	12.10
CaCl2	11.35
MgCl2	9.83
MgSO4	2.43
H2O	to 1L
pH	-

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TABLE 5. RINGER'S SOLUTIONS - OTHER INVERTEBRATES

Values shown = millimolar (mM) concentration = ml 1M stock solution per liter
To determine grams per liter, see Calculations (App. 1) and Formula Weights (App. 2).

SOL# ---> Ingred.	OIn1 (Murray)	OIn2 (Baldwin..)
NaCl	57.00	103.00
KCl	0.90	3.30
CaCl2	3.20	1.70
MgCl2	-	3.30
NaH2PO4	-	0.80
Na2HPO4	-	1.90
*NaHCO3	0.80	5.60
H2O	to 1L	to 1L
pH	-	-

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